A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids),  powders, masses of small solids. Refineries and petrochemical plants typically have thousands of miles of process piping. Many of these piping systems are difficult to reach, are often insulated, and are difficult to inspect. Because of this, piping is usually inspected at only a few locations. The process of defining and naming corrosion circuits, identifying thickness monitoring locations (TML), and measuring and analyzing data is crucial in assisting management to making important economic and safety decisions.

Some of the causes of pipeline failures are listed below:

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